Progressive Education Essay Example

Dynamic Education Paper As indicated by Gribble (1985) in dynamic schools, there is this feeling of social fairness among grown-ups and youngsters which is one of the dynamic beliefs. Where the staffs are brutal, students could likewise utilize a similar technique as a guard component. Gribble further opined that similarly as machines are utilized by individuals so educators ought to be utilized by youngsters as well and not kids being coordinated by instructors. In accordance with dynamic training, childrens learning ought to be intentional, not attached to a specific educational program for the most part depended on them with arrangement of assessments and tests/evaluations. The instructors moral obligation is to support the kids, directing them to investigate their abilities and premiums. It is in any case, essential to abstain from ingraining unreasonable convictions that kids probably won't comprehend. The kid must figure out how to create independency. Anything that has the tone of good impulse is contrary to the standards of dynamic training, which uniqueness lays solidly on the refusal to force a specific arrangement of qualities not just the ones contained in the educational program (Gribble 1985). The way of thinking of dynamic schools has no space for any directed belief. Kids in dynamic schools are permitted to settle on a decision and to communicate their sentiments openly. The degree to which this is drilled relies upon each school since youngsters are assisted with considering figuring out how to be something they ought to appreciate. Dynamic schools dishearten seriousness (Gribble 1985). Since kids settle on their own decisions and work at their own pace and not as indicated by the direct of anybody, it implies that the individual understudy doesn't have to contend with anybody. This assists with loosening up the learning condition making it helpful for learning. We will compose a custom exposition test on Progressive Education explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Progressive Education explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Progressive Education explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A youngster neither estimates his/her own accomplishment with some other childs nor does the OFSTED that would ordinarily pressurize a state or government funded school present. There is typically no need for dynamic school specialists to squeeze the educators who thus give the strain to the youngsters through arrangement of tests/evaluations so as to be on the presentation class table. There is normally no discipline in dynamic schools and no tendency to any strict authoritative opinion or group. Notwithstanding, regardless of how in a perfect world dynamic instruction is depicted as panacea for customary or ordinary type of training as acquires out in the open, autonomous and state schools, clearly some of them are not really and totally dynamic. There have been changes in the use of the first way of thinking as propounded by pioneers of dynamic instructive strategies a portion of whose commitments are referenced and talked about straightaway. Dynamic masterminds There are some well known scholars on youth whose work are so fundamental throughout the entire existence of youngster focused instruction. A portion of these scholars in the early years didn't completely call their work dynamic training, yet what they did was reactant to the detailing of group of information that is called dynamic instruction today to which a ton of affirmation is owed. This article will quickly discuss their thoughts, standards and ethos. One of these early authors was Jean Jacques Rousseau whose works and dynamic tilt achieved a crucial change in the instruction of youngsters. As indicated by Darling J. ( ) in Rousseaus book Emile (1762), it is focused on that man ought not upset kid development however leave it the manner in which nature has accommodated it. Kid focused training came as an option because of disappointment about the conventional instruction of that time. This dismissal assisted with molding out current dynamic instruction thought. In Emile, Rousseau attests that the dynamic thought took its root against the foundation of commitment and kid degeneracy appended to youngsters in those days where severe control and good preparing for kids was the standard. Rousseau dismissed this thought and accepted that youngsters are acceptable; that the wickedness found in kids is from a degenerate society. His thoughts were that kids ought not be prepared so as to subdue their normal inclination. At the point when compared to present day dynamic instruction ideas it means not forcing a specific learning style on kids yet rather permitting them to find things without anyone else Young childrens instructive projects ought to in Rousseaus see be restricted to those things in which they have characteristic premium (Darling1994: 8 ). Rousseau advanced the way that youngsters gained from direct understanding and opined that feeling is continually realizing, which can be comprehended to mean-gaining from condition and not from a book. Rosseau is of the assessment that kids ought not be instructed how to peruse until they are prepared. He envisioned that they would comprehend by gaining from the earth and from feeling things around them. Notwithstanding that he was of the conviction that there must be little data from a book. This is resounded by Calydon [ed] (1969:50) when it is said that Experience goes before guidance. Anyway Rousseau didn't explain when gaining from a book should set in yet youngsters ought to likewise look for data from books. This conclusion is genuine on the grounds that seeing educators for example, they needed to gain from books and not just rely upon understanding. In present day dynamic training understudies gain generally for a fact just as from books. Rousseau additionally supported agreeable connection between a kid and the instructor and that the youngster ought to gain from their activities. As examined before dynamic instruction doesn't see the educator in power like the instructor is found in government funded schools; dynamic training is in this way all the more a youngster focused way to deal with educating. As indicated by Darling ( ) Rosseau isolated adolescence into phases of human development and improvement. He battled that various phases of development require explicit methods. Thusly in dynamic instruction students are given individual consideration in light of the fact that every youngster has their own needs and characteristics relying upon their stages. Friedrich Froebel who set up the main kindergarten at Keilhau, Germany in 1837 contributed colossally to the dynamic thought of training. He accepted that everybody has an otherworldly worth. Like Rosseau, he accepted that each youngster had inside themselves what they were to be during childbirth. He likewise accepted that the fitting instructive condition would urge the kid to accomplish ideal turn of events.

The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching Essay

The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching - Essay Example The objective language is the fundamental language in the homeroom, and everybody learns it better by talking it. Perusing and writing in the objective language follows once a lexical and syntactic establishment has been built up. That implies, the student is adjusted when he commits errors in spelling, jargon use, and so forth. The instructing of the unknown dialect is from easy to progressively complex structures. After learning this, some might be interested concerning the Oral Approach is respected by understudies in the event that they have just been presented to other instructing approaches. Would this methodology conflict with different strategies understudies have just been acquainted with or would it supplement them? What about understudies with language debilitations? Would the Oral Approach have the option to support them or demoralize them from communicating in an unknown dialect? The Situational Language Teaching approach is a language instructing approach that enables t he student to comprehend the unknown dialect better by grouping exercises dependent on specific circumstances. Pittman (1963) explains the word ‘situational’ as recognizable solid materials, pictures and relia which are utilized along with activities and signals so as to exhibit the implications of new dialect words and expressions. On the off chance that conceivable, these are utilized to show a thing or two on a specific circumstance. This facilitates the student, realizing that what he is realizing is tied in with something recognizable to him and can concentrate on the topic of the exercise. For instance, less difficult exercises educate about jargon on family will have pictures of relatives. In any learning circumstance, it helps if the new information is connected with past information. The Situational Language Teaching approach benefits from the learner’s own unique circumstance. In the article, a model was given on utilizing real items to assist understud ies with learning outside words without fundamentally recognizing the item in the home language. This is successful since the items are recognizable to the understudies. The equivalent might be genuine when the educator shows them a melody about something they can identify with in their own unique situation. It is successful to utilize visual guides for the melody so it turns out to be effectively justifiable to the students particularly if the tune portrays a story. The photos in the story might be introduced while parts of the tune identified with the image are sung. The hypothesis basic these methodologies inclines toward the behaviorist point of view. Palmer (1957) sums up the way toward learning a language as accepting the information or materials (boost), holding it by rehashing it both intellectually and verbally, and utilizing it by and by until it turns into an aptitude which later on turns out to be natural to the person. The issue currently desires individuals who might h ave lacks in the abilities of memory and reiteration. Does that mean they will be not able to get familiar with another dialect because of their confinements? In the event that these language encouraging methodologies are powerful in the homeroom, how might it mean outside the study hall? It would be okay if the understudies live in the nation where the objective language is spoken since there would be a few people whom they can rehearse their new aptitudes with. On the off chance that they live in their nation of origin, notwithstanding, where the objective language is compelled inside the study hall, at that point there would be no others to rehearse with and comprehend what they are stating particularly in the home if

Cornell University News

Cornell University News August 19, 2012 Cornell University is addressing a problem that has plagued the school for many years (photo credit: Eustress). Weve got some Cornell University news to report. As many of you know, Cornell has developed a reputation over the years for its student suicides. In fact, according to The Ithaca Journal, between 1990 and 2010, 27 people have committed suicide by jumping over the bridges of the gorges on the Ithaca campus. It should be noted that this figure of 27 only includes suicides by jumping off the bridges over the gorges. It does not include other suicide statistics of Cornell University students. Many people have asked us over the years if depressed students are attracted to Cornell University or if the university does something to students while theyre there that leads them to suicide. We honestly dont know. We do know that students at Cornell are more competitive about their academics than are students at other Ivy League institutions such as Brown or Dartmouth. At Brown and Dartmouth, students tend to be much more relaxed. Is it that relaxed, non-competitive students are attracted to universities like Brown or Dartmouth? Or do the Brown and Dartmouth communities foster an environment that discourages competitiveness and encourages a more positive, were all in it together approach? We dont know the answer. We suspect its a little bit of a combination of both theories. So whats the news? The news is that Cornell University is installing nets over the gorges. Theyve already previously installed fences at the sites of student suicides, but theyre hoping that nets do the trick. Theyve installed these nets at several bridges over gorges. Hopefully this will decrease tragic student suicides at the university. Cornell University insists that their suicide figures are no different than other universities. Were not so sure about that. But we do hope very much that this move can turn things around.

Using Digital Photography - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1060 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Advantages And Disadvantages Essay Film Analysis Essay Did you like this example? Advantages of Using Digital Photography Although this is the age of digital photography , one can still purchase cameras that use film. The key question is to ask why it is advantageous to use digital photography. What are the advantages of digital photography over the ordinary film camera? You will still many people that prefer using film not because they don’t know any better but because they just haven’t taken the time to weigh the advantages or are unfamiliar with modern technology much as the person who is afraid of computers. Anything new and different is scary for some people but to make things easier for those people it is important to look at the advantages of one over the other. Before the era of digital photography many people lost beautiful pictures because they failed to take the film to be developed or lost the film until it was too old to guarantee quality processing. Keep in mind that film is only good for a limited period of time so if you mi splace the used film or don’t take it for processing within a specific time, you will lose some of the quality of the photographs. With digital photography there is never a concern about the film expiring because there is no film. There is no need to worry about processing the photographs in a certain period because you can take the memory card at any time to get printed pictures or you can download the memory card to your computer and print your own photographs at any time you so desire. Another advantage of digital photography is being able to see the photograph before you print it. Many times with film cameras the lighting was not right or we failed to focus correctly and the picture was blurry or otherwise distorted. With digital photography you can see the picture right then and if it is not perfect, you can delete that pose and begin again. This avoids the disappointment of losing a perfectly good pose because of focusing or exposure errors. You also do not have t o take additional shots just to make sure one of them comes out the way you are hoping. Digital photography has made picture taking for both amateurs and professionals easier. Even professional photographs can be delivered quicker because of digital photography and allow the customer to view and choose the pictures almost immediately instead of having to wait days for proofs and then another week or two for the pictures themselves. Kodak name The logo from 1987 to 2006. [5] The letter K had been a favorite of Eastmans, he is quoted as saying, it seems a strong, incisive sort of letter. He and his mother devised the name Kodak with an anagram set. He said that there were three principal concepts he used in creating the name: it should be short, one cannot mispronounce it, and it could not resemble anything or be associated with anything but Kodak. It has also been suggested that Kodak originated from the suggestion of David Houston, a fellow photographic inventor who held the p atents to several roll film camera concepts that he later sold to Eastman. Houston, who started receiving patents in 1881, was said to have chosen Nodak as a nickname of his home state, North Dakota (NoDak). 6] This is contested by other historians, however, who cite that Kodak was trademarked prior to Eastman buying Houstons patents. [7] Environmental record Kodak has been widely criticized by environmentalists and researchers as one of the worst corporate polluters in the United States. According to scorecard. org, a web site that collects information on corporate pollution, Kodak is New York State’s number one polluter, releasing 4,433,749 pounds of chemicals into the air and water supply. 28] The Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts, author of the Toxic 100, ranked Kodak the fifth largest polluter in the United States in 2002. [29] In 2004, the Citizens Environmental Coalitions (CEC) of New York awarded Kodak one of its Dirty Dozen award s to highlight its consistently high rates of pollution. [30] However, in 2005, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) selected Kodak to receive the EnergyStar Sustained Excellence Award for outstanding and continued leadership in reducing greenhouse gas emissions through superior energy management. [citation needed] As an example of the companys environmental stewardship efforts, Kodak has hosted a pair of Peregrine falcons since 1998. An endangered species in New York State, Peregrines were de-listed from the federal Endangered Species list in 1999, but are still considered threatened. The female falcon, Mariah, and her mates Cabot-Sirocco (1998–2001) and Kaver (2002-present) have raised 35 young from a man-made nest box placed at the top of the companys world headquarters building in Rochester, New York. From 1998–2006 the Kodak Birdcam website transmitted images from the nest box. In 2007 Kodak ceded primary responsibility for hosting the website to the Genesee Valley Audubon Society under the new name Rochester Falconcam. [31] Kodak details its annual progress in Global Sustainability, as well as Health, Safety, and Environment, in a Global Sustainability report. [ HOW TO APPLY A MAKE-UP Step 1: Foundation After cleansing, toning and moisturizing your face, apply a small amount of foundation to the tip of your index finger. Dot on your forehead, nose, cheeks and chin; then blend in an upward and outward motion without leaving a line. Be sure to apply foundation over your eyelids and blend carefully. Glance in the mirror to ensure theres no line. You can use a concealer to cover imperfections such as blemishes and dark spots. Step 2: Translucent Powder Using a powder brush apply translucent powder in a downward motion for a smooth finish. Translucent Powder helps eye makeup and blush to go on smoother and blend better. It also keeps your face looking fresh and your makeup will last longer. Step 3: Eye Makeup Starting at your la sh line, apply your base color first. Then apply your crease color in the crease area. Apply your highlight color in the highlight color area, below the brow bone. Step 4: Blush Your blush should be applied to the apples of your cheeks to radiate when you smile. It should go no closer to your nose, but directly beneath the iris of your eye. Step 5: Lipstick Then apply your lipstick. Start from the center working outwards. Things Youll Need: * Foundation * Mascara * Eye Shadow Brushes * Blush Brush * Face Powder * Blush * Waterproof Mascaras * Lipstick * Lip Gloss * Eye Shadow Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Using Digital Photography" essay for you Create order

Biased Media And The Presidential Election Essay - 1649 Words

Biased Media in the 2016 presidential election â€Å"The roots of media bias go back to the nineteenth century, and complaints about bias in part reflect a questionable idea about the media’s role and purpose: that newspapers and other dispensers of public information exist to transmit objective, factual information gleaned and communicated by credentialed professionals.† – Bruce Thornton Media bias had a big role in the 2016 presidential election. In this world of information, media had a big role transmiting the news and events to a very demanding audience. And the word â€Å"bias† was trending throughout the whole election. But, what is media bias? Media is bias when it fails to be fair and objective while reporting. With the idea of a biased media in the table, it is interesting to know how people chose their media intake, and what is their perception about it. Studies have shown a growing distrusts toward the â€Å"mainstream† media. Perhaps media bias was one of the most used accusation by the republican nominee. And indeed some experts argue that journalists and media directors have shown a tendency to the left. But studies have shown no significant partisan bias favoring the left. But it seems that the mere idea of media bias had a big role in the 2016 presidential elections. Media bias began in the 19th century and has been present in every information outlet since then. The Merriam-Webster dictionary, defines bias, as a tendency or inclination of temperament or outlook. So,Show MoreRelatedMedia And Its Impact On Politics1325 Words   |  6 Pagesupon thousands of media platforms exist, it’s not surprising that media is one of the strongest, if not the biggest, influences in our current presidential election. No matter where each of us turn, whether it be to a newspaper, social media, or our televisions, every single one of us has seen some sort of news report or article discussing presidential candid ates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. However, every year, there seems to be this constant struggle when it comes to the media coverage, as itRead MoreMedia Bias Essay examples893 Words   |  4 PagesMedia Bias Is the Media Bias? Many people including myself believe that it is. On the other hand, there are people who believe that media is not biased and just states facts. These people (i.e. my dad), who believe that media is not biased also believe that everything on TV is true, in my experience. We see bias in media (print or broadcast) many times. It might be the subtlest of things that is unnoticeable to more blatant attempts. The fact is bias is everywhere and it is very difficultRead MoreMedia s Views On Media Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesThere are numerous media outlets that we are exposed to daily that are managed by individuals who hold resolute views regarding specific pressing political topics. They share their views with the general public. Media is made up of various dissimilar forms. These include social media, television, radio, and podcasts. As a result of these abundant media sources, many viewers are affected by what they are subjected to daily when exhibiting medi a. Thus, media in the United States is biased; News outletsRead MoreMedia s Views On Media Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pagesnumerous media outlets that we are exposed to daily that are managed by individuals who hold resolute views regarding specific pressing political topics. They share their views with the general public. Media is made up various dissimilar forms. These include social media, television, radio, and podcasts. As a result of these abundant media sources, many viewers are affected by what they are subjected to daily when exhibiting media. Thus, media in the United States is undoubtedly biased; News outletsRead MoreWho Holds The Most Influence Over The Election Process?1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most influence over the election process? This is a question citizens have long argued and will continue to argue as long as the American democratic system is in place. Most arguments tend to put blame on a single â€Å"actor† in the political process. Whether they n ame the parties, the candidates, the media, or rarely the public as the ultimate power holder, the tendency is again the idea to single out one participate as the sole authority over the American election process. We have discussed inRead MoreMedia Exploitation Of The Media1659 Words   |  7 PagesEssay Can the media exploit your perception of reality? While most people would like to say that they have a solid mind and aren’t easily deceived, the truth is that the media’s mass exploitation of the human mind is comes easier and more common than people think. Media exploitation is when people use the media to manipulate information to appeal to a specific audience, which in turn furthers their own agenda’s, whether it be political, social, or economical. While the media exploiting the publicRead MoreFake News And Its Effects On The Election Of The United States1017 Words   |  5 Pagesfake news has real and significant political consequences. The most obvious and relevant of these consequences is the election of the forty fifth president of the United States. â€Å"The poll lends weight to the suggestion that the US election result was influenced by a widespread belief in fake news among Trump supporters† (Hunt). Multiple stories were shared on many types of media platforms that were simply untrue about either Trump or Clinton. For example, one poll found that â€Å"73% of Trump votersRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s Presidential Election1225 Words   |  5 Pagesuse of public radio (Walsh). In the 1952 presidential race, Dwight Eisenhower promoted his campaign by creating political advertisements on TV (Fowler, Franz, Ridout). Since then, not only have radio and TV advertisements been a defining aspect of presidential elections, but also, social media, a more modern avenue for politicians. This has become one of the most effective campaigning strategies in modern day elections. President Obama’s 2008 presidential race is one of the most significant examplesRead MorePresidential Election : Presidential Election s1306 Words   |  6 PagesThe 2016 presidential election may happen to be one of the most memorable elections to have ever been. From the campaign speeches, to the Democratic and Republican National conventions, and even the presidential debates; Americans seemed to constantly be voicing their opinions on every aspect of the election, and who they believe is the more suitable candidate for president, especially on social media. The 2016 presidential election marks one of the more recent elections where we start to see socialRead More Media Role in the Presidential Election Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing elections The Medias rules of an election change the face of the election itself. They are, if you may, the gatekeepers of information, in a time where the information we get will form the issues of the election. If the news tells us tomorrow that the stock market dropped 410 points today but did not tell us that the U.S. embassy in Iraq was bombed then what do you think we will care about the most. Each channel of media has its own biased. Fox news is leaning toward the right

Post-Operative Intestinal Obstruction-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a report on Post-Operative Intestinal Obstrucion. Answer: Introduction This report is based on the case study of a patient, who had been suffering from intestinal blockage after undergoing hemicolectomy due to colon cancer. In hemicolectomy the left side of the large intestine is surgically removed. This operation is mostly performed in case of colon cancers. In some cases the part of the colon is joined to the abdomen for the removal of the feces, known as stoma (Saklani et al., 2013). The report critically discusses about the problems of the patient, the pathogenesis of the problem, and the different diagnostic techniques for the investigation of the disease. The report also provides an idea of the probable medications that could be given to the concerned patient. It can be difficult to diagnose an intestinal obstruction. The report shows that successful management can detect signs and symptoms subtly at first, followed by a goal to help the patient before the condition deteriorates. Whatever is the treatment, nurse participation in treatment and postoperative care is important. Staying updated with new findings and methods is the best option. An ability to recognize the patients physiological, psychological, and safety needs along with a willingness to interact with the patient and other health care providers will yield good results. An active approach in explaining the procedures and consequences will lessen patient anxiety and improve the patients scope of resp onding to the treatment. Discussion Critical issue in the patient and the pathophysiology of the complication This report provides a case study of a patient having colon cancer, who have undergone a left hemicolectomy with the formation of the stoma. A stoma is usually made where the surgeon brings a part of the colon from inside the body of the patient, through the abdomen and then stitches it down. It is normally done to divert the flow of the feces (Black, 2012). It is been reported that after the patient had been discharged after the surgery, the patient developed certain post operative symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating and less output from the stoma. Normally post operative complications might include infection in the wound, anatomic leakage. Sometimes the bowel, may take more time to start functioning properly, which is known as ileus (Ten Broek et al., 2013). In such a case the patient may develop abdominal distensions, bloating. If the bowel doesnt start working properly then it can lead to a kink or an adhesion giving fries to blockage (Chapuis et al., 2013). In such a case the patient might develop abdominal cramps, bloating and abdominal distensions, just as we see in the report of the concerned patient. Ileus occurs due to the decreased motility of the gastrointestinal column (Vather, Trivedi Bissett, 2013). The definite pathogenesis of ileus is multifactorial, the clinical picture shows transiently lessened propulsion of the contents of the intestine. The interaction between the central and the autonomic nervous system function, and some local substances, may alter the equilibrium of the intestine, which results in the unorganized electrical activity and paralysis of some segments of the intestine. No coordination in the propulsiveness of the intestinal muscles leads to the accumulation of fluids and gas within the bowel and often causes intestinal cramps (Doorly Senagore, 2012). Medical management of the disease Investigations and diagnostic tests for the disease The case study of the patient shows that he has underwent for a CT due to the post operative complications. A systematic review has shown own that computed tomography with Gastrografin scanning can detect the post operative ileus with sensitivity. Multidetector CT scanning is also found to be an effective tool in the detection of the post operative ileus (Santillan, 2013). A plain radiograph of the abdomen shows ileus as dilatation of the colon. An abdominal X-ray can be done to detect the intestinal obstruction, although there are certain obstructions that cannot detect some abdominal obstructions. For some obstruction Air enema can be used, where the doctor will introduce air inside the colon through the rectum (Cameron Cameron, 2013). Treatment of the disease Pharmacological management of the disease In the case study the patient is found to be suffering from minimal stoma output. In some patients, the stoma output may be minimal. This is normally caused by the formation ileus after the operation, followed by stoma formation there are certain drugs can also decrease gut motility, such as the antimuscarinics and the opioids (Barletta, 2012). Stoma output can be increased by the application of Prokinetic drugs before meals, like metoclopramide, domperidone or erythromycin (Patil Anitescu, 2012). The doctor will recommend bowel rest for a period of time along with continuous application of the intravenous fluids. Sometimes a nasogastric tube is passed through the nose to the stomach to ensure enteral feeding. Glycerol suppositories should be inserted into the stoma opening (if the patient is suffering from constipation and feces can be seen on internal examination of the stoma). For the patients with stoma, medicine doses with quick dissolution tablets, gelatin capsules should be used. Antibiotics which have a broad spectrum like Amoxicullin, ciprofloxacin can be used to modify the gut microflora. Magnesium containing Antacids can be used. Calcium containing Antacids should not be used as this might lead to constipation. In this case study the patient is reported to have a high blood pressure, so medicines like anti diuretics can be used for treating hyper-tension. Antideuretics like Flurosemide, metolazone can be used. In order to keep the electrolytes balance in the body potassium supplements should also be given. An epidural is used to give relief from the pain. Non pharmacological treatment Non pharmacological treatment of the intestinal obstruction involves introduction of the fluids in the body. Fluid intake should be increased. Electrolytes can be given along with the fluids in order to maintain the electrolyte content of the body. After the operation the patient should be encouraged to move as soon as possible. They should avoid increased physical activities and the heavy lifting of substances. Nursing management of the disease Doctors diagnose diseases and prescribe medicines, treatments and surgeries, but its the nurses, that often explains the medical procedures, help to manage the symptoms, listen to the concerns, respond to the emergencies, allay with patient fear, soothe worries and chalk out ways to make things bearable (Andrews Morgan, 2012). The following are the interventions that a nurse should follow for the patients suffering from intestinal obstructions- The patient should not be allowed to eat anything by mouth. Insertion of the nasogastric tube for decompressing the bowel. Administration of the analgesics, antibiotics and other medicines as prescribed by the doctor. Signs for dehydration or electrolyte imbalance should be looked for Vital signs, intake and output, should be monitored to assess the renal function, blood volume and many such factors. The nurse should be well aware of the allergies and other adverse effects related to the patient. Patient should be kept in a semi-fowler position for promoting pulmonary ventilation Patient should be given a clear account about the disorder. Apart from all these it is the duty of a nurse to provide psychological care to the patient. A nurses mission is not only to save lives but to preserve and to promote the quality of life. A patient having such a critical issue is often faced by anxiety and fear. It is the duty of a nurse to cheer the patients up, reassure him, collect informations and offer explanations for the symptoms, and what to expect during the recovery period. One should be sure to involve the patients family in the plan of care when appropriate (Thompson Magnuson, 2012). A patient with hemicolostomy may experience issues regarding self esteem and have trouble with body shape. Supportive care, encouragement and a reference to the colostomy support group are important to provide suitable nursing care after the operation (Maung et al., 2012). Hospital stay is usually about 2- 5 days for a key hole surgery and about 5-7 days for an open surgery. If staples and external sutures are used then the hospital stay may take 10-14 days after the operation. Following hospital discharge patients are advised to remain mobile and should avoid doing any physical exercise and should avoid taking fibrous and spicy foods. A follow up report should be fixed after two weeks but a patient can see the concerned doctor at any time if problems persist (Jain Vargas 2012). Possible complications due to intestinal obstructions In the following report the patient is seen to be suffering from intestinal distension, intestinal cramping bloating and low output from the stoma. Among the different complications due to intestinal blockage, dehydration due to electrolyte imbalance had been focused in this topic. In some cases the stoma output of the patients are huge or the patient may suffer from severe diarrhea as a result the net fluid and the electrolytes, that are responsible for many biochemical activities of the body is lost. Severe dehydration can lead to failure of organs, shock and finally death (Schneider et al., 2013). In order to replace the fluids back to the normal amounts, intravenous fluids like St Marks solution and Dioralytes double strength solution can be used can be given and fluids containing electrolytes can be infused for getting the right amount of electrolytes in the body (Ouassi et al., 2012). Critical analysis of the articles used An extensive research has been performed through different databases like Google scholar, Pubmed, NCBI , Charles Darwin university library and more to find out the all the facts related to this critical issue. A thorough research has been done through the various research journals. The journal by Ouassi et al (2012) suggests that the definite pathogenesis of ileus is multifactorial, the clinical picture shows transiently lessened propulsion of the contents of the intestine. The interaction between the central and the autonomic nervous system function, and some local substances, may alter the equilibrium of the intestine, which results in the unorganized electrical activity and paralysis of some segments of the intestine which leads to bowel blockage. In the research by Doorly Senagore, (2012) it has been found that Postoperative ileus (POI) is an unavoidable outcome of most of the abdominal surgery. Although ileus is thought to be a disease of the small intestine, the duration of POI may be dependent on the return of colonic motility. Physicians should analyze the risk factors leading to the development of POI to help prevent this morbid and financial problem. POI is multifactorial in origin and the causative factors involve neuromuscular, inflammatory, and pharmacologic factors. The journal by Jain Vargas, (2012) discusses about challenges faced in the management of acute pseudo-obstruction in colon. In the journal by Maung et al (2012) management of the intestinal obstruction has been described. Water-soluble oral contrast medium (WSCM) is preferred for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in patients undergoing nonoperative management. Hyaluronic acid, icodextrin and Carboxycellulose membrane decrease the incidence of adhesions. Icodextrin may decrease the risk of obstruction. In the journal of Andrew Morgan, (2012) one gets an idea about the Constipation management in palliative care. It also provides information about treatments and the potential of independent nursing. Conclusion The following report is based on the case study of a patient who has suffered hemicolectomy due to colon cancer and is now suffering from intestinal obstruction. It can be reviewed from the researches that the pathogenesis of post operative intestinal obstruction is multifactorial. Ileus occurs due to the decreased motility of the gastrointestinal column. The concerned patient is having minimal output of stool from the stoma. Thus, medications should be prescribed that would increase the mobility of the colon, he should be given fluids in order to restore the electrolytes in the body. The patient has been reported to have abdominal cramps, so medicines for that have also been prescribed. It can be difficult to diagnose an intestinal obstruction. The report shows that successful management can detect signs and symptoms subtly at first, followed by a goal to help the patient before the condition deteriorates. Whatever is the treatment, nurse participation in treatment and postoperative care is important. Staying updated with new findings and methods is the best option. An ability to recognize the patients physiological, psychological, and safety needs along with a willingness to interact with the patient and other health care providers will yield good results. An active approach in explaining the procedures and consequences will lessen patient anxiety and improve the patients scope of responding to the treatment. References Andrews, A., Morgan, G. (2012). Constipation management in palliative care: treatments and the potential of independent nurse prescribing.International journal of palliative nursing,18(1). Barletta, J. F. (2012). Clinical and economic burden of opioid use for postsurgical pain: focus on ventilatory impairment and ileus.Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy,32(9pt2). Black, P. (2012). Choosing the correct stoma appliance.Gastrointestinal Nursing,10(7). Cameron, J. L., Cameron, A. M. (2013).Current Surgical Therapy E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Chapuis, P. H., Bokey, L., Keshava, A., Rickard, M. J., Stewart, P., Young, C. J., Dent, O. F. (2013). Risk factors for prolonged ileus after resection of colorectal cancer: an observational study of 2400 consecutive patients.Annals of surgery,257(5), 909-915. Doorly, M. G., Senagore, A. J. (2012). Pathogenesis and clinical and economic consequences of postoperative ileus.Surgical Clinics of North America,92(2), 259-272. Jain, A., Vargas, H. D. (2012). Advances and challenges in the management of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ogilvie syndrome).Clinics in colon and rectal surgery,25(01), 037-045. Maung, A. A., Johnson, D. C., Piper, G. L., Barbosa, R. R., Rowell, S. E., Bokhari, F., ... Kerwin, A. J. (2012). Evaluation and management of small-bowel obstruction: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline.Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery,73(5), S362-S369. Ouassi, M., Gaujoux, S., Veyrie, N., Denve, E., Brigand, C., Castel, B., ... Nocca, D. (2012). Post-operative adhesions after digestive surgery: their incidence and prevention: review of the literature.Journal of visceral surgery,149(2), e104-e114. Patil, S. K., Anitescu, M. (2012). Opioid?Free Perioperative Analgesia for Hemicolectomy in a Patient With Opioid?Induced Delirium: A Case Report and Review of the Analgesic Efficacy of the Alpha?2 Agonist Agents.Pain Practice,12(8), 656-662. Saklani, A. P., Naguib, N., Shah, P. R., Mekhail, P., Winstanley, S., Masoud, A. G. (2013). Adhesive intestinal obstruction in laparoscopic vs open colorectal resection.Colorectal disease,15(1), 80-84. Santillan, C. S. (2013). Computed tomography of small bowel obstruction.Radiologic Clinics of North America,51(1), 17-27. Schneider, E. B., Hyder, O., Brooke, B. S., Efron, J., Cameron, J. L., Edil, B. H., ... Pawlik, T. M. (2012). Patient readmission and mortality after colorectal surgery for colon cancer: impact of length of stay relative to other clinical factors.Journal of the American College of Surgeons,214(4), 390-398. Ten Broek, R. P., Issa, Y., van Santbrink, E. J., Bouvy, N. D., Kruitwagen, R. F., Jeekel, J., ... van Goor, H. (2013). Burden of adhesions in abdominal and pelvic surgery: systematic review and met-analysis.Bmj,347, f5588. Thompson, M., Magnuson, B. (2012). Management of postoperative ileus.Orthopedics,35(3), 213-217. Vather, R., Trivedi, S., Bissett, I. (2013). Defining postoperative ileus: results of a systematic review and global survey.Journal of gastrointestinal surgery,17(5), 962-972

Social Institutions of the Family(Notes) Essay Example

Social Institutions of the Family(Notes) Essay The Social institution of the family There are various types of Caribbean family forms. The emergence of the different types was largely due to historical influences that shape Caribbean civilization. Caribbean society has grown into a cosmopolitan mixture of different races and ethnic groups that construct their reality in the Caribbean. This mixture has resulted in a unique social system; plural, polarized, politicised, problematic, but still some what plantation society. This has impacted the type of family units that emerged in the region. The roles expectations by Caribbean society of mother and father coupled with the different socialization of boys and girls have influenced the many structural ways in which families are built and maintained in the Caribbean. This also affects issues related to gender construction in the family. The ever increasing proportion of matrifocal and common law unions are products of history as well as other social trends that are both local and international in scope. Family forms in the Caribbean A family can be defined as a social unit of common residence involving two adults who are in a sexual relationship. Children of either of the adults, from both, or who have been adopted also form part of this family unit. The most popular family forms in the Caribbean are: †¢ The family based on common-law union (consensual cohabitation) †¢ The nuclear family †¢ The family based on a visiting union (extra-residential) †¢ The matrifocal family †¢ The extended family †¢ The East Indian family We will write a custom essay sample on Social Institutions of the Family(Notes) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Institutions of the Family(Notes) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Institutions of the Family(Notes) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Other family types are sibling families due largely to migration of parents, and grandparent-headed families. What are the reasons for the existence of the various family forms in the region? Some theorists such as Melville  Herskovits (1958) attribute the prevalence of certain types of Caribbean family forms to African society and some of the social institutions and social dynamics of those societies. The nuclear family The domestic unit of husband, wife, and child or children is regarded by many people in the Caribbean as the ideal family structure that comes into being ith the marriage of the partners. However where the nuclear family was established in the Caribbean, its existence as a small domestic unit did not always last very long, even among the middle and upper classes in these societies. The family based a common-law union The common law union is another type of domestic unit with the same basic relationships as those in the nuclear family, that is, adults are united in an ongoing bond but the bond is not based on the family as faithful concubinage (T. S Simey, 1946). To all intents and purposes the spouses are committed to each other sexually, they raise children in a stable relationship and the family functions as an economic unit. Because of the prevalence of this type of union and the existence of the relationship that it brings into being on the birth of children, several Caribbean governments have given legal recognition to these unions. Caribbean countries such as Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago and Antigua have passed legislation that affords the children of such union legitimate status as heirs to family property. Common law unions have also been known to exist for many years without persons in the community being aware that the union has not been made legal with a wedding ceremony. The family based on a visiting union A frequent occurrence in the Caribbean is the domestic unit of a woman and her child or children. In this family form, the mother and her child or children live separately but may be visited from time to time by a man with whom she shares a relationship similar to that of a spouse. The man may or may not be the father of the child or children. Quite often such a visiting union begins with a young woman being impregnated while still living in the household of her mother or parents. RT. Smith (1956) in his work on low income black families in Guyana noted the following: â€Å"It does nor by any means follow that a man will be expected to marry the girl. He will certainly be expected to support the child if he is able, and he may continue his attachment to the girl and other children be born. † R. T. Smith (1956), The Negro Family in British Guiana p. 138. Smith further stated that the relationship may eventually lead to the establishment of a common-law union. The woman, in order to take care of herself and her children, may then start a sexual relationship with another man and thus may end up having several children with different men. Financial burden and emotional strain of raising children arising from such unions can be quite overwhelming. The Matrifocal family In Caribbean society, the matrifocal family is the term used to describe unit in which women are the focal point. You may also see this form of family referred to as the ‘female headed household’ in some literature. In this form of family adult males are absent from the family unit or if they are present their role in domestic routines is marginal. A woman is usually the head of the household or family unit. This type of family structure is so armed because power and authority tend to reside in the female head. However, there, are some domestic units in which females are responsible only for a day-to-day running of the affairs of the family. Males as lovers or brothers, or fathers of the children may be the ones who make the crucial decisions about major financial undertakings or schooling for the children. Thus, absence of a male head may not necessarily mean absence of male authority. The East Indian Family The East Indian family units which  are prevalent in Guyana and Trinidad  and Tobago are also the result of plantation society and the introduction of indentureship  at the end of the slavery period. These family units are horizontally extended  as the East Indians seek to maintain their sense of community and kinship bonds that are influenced by their religion. East Indians maintained, initially, most of their family traditions. Over time, some of these traditions have been creolized while some have changed alongside social changes being pursued in post-colonial Indian societies. Endogamy still persists as well as some forms of horizontal family forms. However, these are changing as the strong traditions of colonial India lose their grip on some Indo-Caribbean social institutions. The movement away from the extended family household by the younger generation of East Indians will also affect other Indian institutions over time. Why the diversity? Researchers have offered a wide range of arguments concerning diversity within the family in the Caribbean. Three viewpoints put forward: cultural retention, plantation system of slavery and socioeconomic factors and the culture of poverty Cultural retention and family diversity Melville Herskovits (1958) in The Myth of the Negro Past, was one of the first to trace the development of Caribbean families to the African origins of the slaves who to the Americas. Herskovits believed that despite attempts to strip African slaves of their cultural heritage, the practice of polygyny was retained from African culture. Where polygyny existed, the basic unit for affective bonding and closeness was the mother and child or children. The husband/ father were somewhat marginal in this unit. Herskovits maintained that this pattern has persisted Caribbean society and culture, especially among lower class people of African descent in the Caribbean. Plantation system of slavery M. G Smith (1962) wrote that under plantation slavery, stable families were not give a chance to develop. Unions of whatever sort were often broken up as slaves and were sold. The unit of mother and child or children was less likely to be torn apart than the man/wife/children unit. Male slaves were also denied property and family rights, and a system of female centeredness emerged and developed. Males therefore tended to be marginal to family units and this marginalization from family meant that slave children were property of white slave masters. Socio-economic factors and the culture of poverty The proponents of this approach including Oscar Lewis argue that poverty of low in come families of African origin in the Caribbean and the Americas prevents the males from making the financial contributions that they ought to and as a consequence the find it difficult to meet their family responsibilities as husbands and fathers. Overtime, matrifocality becomes an accepted pattern of family living and family relationships. It becomes a feature of the subculture of poverty. Lewis conducted his study in the urban areas of Puerto Rico and Mexico. He argued that the presence of matrifocality is transmitted from one generation to the next. Further, the urban environment encourages unstable family unions due to a number of socioeconomic factors such as unemployment and poverty. Males tend to desert the home because of inability to effectively carry out the bread winner role. The absence of regular employment that women are forced to enter successive relationships with a number of different males in order to subsist. Each male may father a child or two before deserting the woman and her family. Edith Clarke in her study ‘My Mother Who Fathered Me’ illustrates the combined effects of class and region/locality on family forms. Clarke’s comparative study of three towns in Jamaica suggests that families in affluent urban areas are more likely to be nuclear. Those in rural and urban slums are more prone to be visiting union, common-law or matrifocal. The primary reason noted is wealth and statusnstitutions of the